Are you exploring states with low income tax to boost your income and forge lucrative partnerships? The impact of state taxes on your financial well-being cannot be overstated, and income-partners.net is here to guide you through the intricate landscape of state income taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes. By understanding these tax implications, you can make well-informed decisions that amplify your earning potential. Our platform offers insights into strategic tax planning and financial growth, helping you find the ideal environment for maximizing your income.
House on the water with a long dock and a couple holding hands in the distance. State tax considerations for retirement and financial planning.
1. Understanding State Income Tax: What It Is and Why It Matters
What exactly is state income tax and why should it matter to you? State income tax is a levy imposed by individual states on the income earned by residents and, in some cases, non-residents who work within the state. Unlike federal income tax, which applies uniformly across the United States, state income tax policies vary dramatically, affecting everything from your take-home pay to the overall cost of living. Diving into the specifics of state income tax can lead to significant financial advantages, guiding where you choose to live, invest, and conduct business.
Key Aspects of State Income Tax
Here’s a deeper look at some key aspects of state income tax that can greatly influence your financial planning:
- States Without Income Tax: Not all states impose an income tax. As of 2023, states like Alaska, Florida, Nevada, and Texas offer residents the advantage of no state income tax, which can result in substantial savings for those who live and work there.
- Tax Rate Variations: For states that do levy an income tax, rates can vary from a flat rate, where everyone pays the same percentage of their income, to progressive rates, where higher earners pay a higher percentage. Understanding these rates is crucial for accurately estimating your tax liabilities.
- Taxable Income Definitions: States define “taxable income” differently. While most include wages and salaries, some may also tax other forms of income such as capital gains, interest, and dividends. Knowing what’s taxable in your state helps you plan effectively.
- Deductions and Credits: States offer various deductions and tax credits that can reduce your taxable income. These could be for expenses like charitable contributions, educational costs, or investments in renewable energy. Familiarizing yourself with these can lower your overall tax bill.
- Filing Requirements: Similar to federal taxes, you must file a state income tax return if your income exceeds a certain threshold, which varies by state. Filing deadlines typically align with the federal deadline, but it’s essential to confirm the specific requirements in your state.
How State Income Taxes Impact Financial Decisions
Navigating the intricacies of state income tax can significantly influence a range of financial decisions. Here’s how:
- Relocation Choices: People considering moving to a new state often weigh the income tax implications. Opting for a state with no income tax or lower rates can lead to considerable savings each year.
- Investment Strategies: Understanding how your state taxes capital gains and dividends can guide your investment choices. Some states offer tax advantages for certain types of investments, encouraging particular economic activities.
- Business Operations: Businesses factor in state income taxes when deciding where to set up or expand their operations. Lower tax environments can attract more businesses, fostering economic growth and job creation.
- Retirement Planning: Retirees frequently consider states with lower income taxes to stretch their retirement income further. States with no tax on Social Security benefits or pension income can be particularly appealing.
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2. How States Determine Their Tax Rates: Funding Essentials and Economic Strategies
Ever wondered how states decide on their tax rates? The process involves a mix of budgetary needs, economic considerations, and political factors. Understanding this process is key to appreciating why tax rates vary so widely across the United States and how these rates can impact your financial situation.
The Balancing Act of State Budgets
The primary driver behind state tax rates is the need to fund essential public services. These services include:
- Education: A significant portion of state budgets goes to funding public schools, colleges, and universities.
- Infrastructure: Maintaining roads, bridges, and public transportation systems requires substantial investment.
- Healthcare: States contribute to healthcare programs, including Medicaid, to ensure residents have access to medical services.
- Public Safety: Funding law enforcement, fire departments, and emergency services is a critical responsibility of state governments.
- Social Services: States provide various social services, such as welfare programs and unemployment benefits, to support vulnerable populations.
To balance their budgets, states must carefully weigh the costs of these services against the revenue they can generate through taxes. This balancing act often leads to adjustments in tax rates to meet funding needs.
Tax Systems: Flat vs. Progressive
States employ different tax systems, each with its own implications for residents:
- Flat Tax: In a flat tax system, everyone pays the same percentage of their income, regardless of how much they earn. This system is simple to administer and is often seen as fair because it treats all taxpayers equally. However, it can be regressive, meaning it takes a larger percentage of income from lower-income earners.
- Progressive Tax: In a progressive tax system, tax rates increase as income rises. Higher earners pay a higher percentage of their income, while lower earners pay a lower percentage. This system is designed to be more equitable, as it places a greater burden on those who can afford it most.
The choice between these systems reflects a state’s fiscal strategy and political priorities. Some states prefer the simplicity of a flat tax, while others opt for the progressivity of a tiered system to redistribute wealth and fund social programs.
Economic Factors and Tax Rate Adjustments
Economic conditions play a crucial role in shaping state tax policies. States may lower tax rates to stimulate economic growth during periods of recession or stagnation. Lower taxes can incentivize businesses to invest and hire, boosting economic activity. Conversely, states may raise tax rates during economic booms to capitalize on increased revenue and build reserves for future downturns.
Political Environment and Public Opinion
Tax policy is inherently political, influenced by public opinion and the preferences of elected officials. Tax rates can become a major issue in state elections, with candidates often campaigning on promises to lower taxes or reform the tax system. Public sentiment also plays a role, as voters may support or oppose tax increases depending on their perceived fairness and effectiveness.
Examples of States Adjusting Tax Rates
- California: Known for its progressive tax system, California has high-income tax rates for its wealthiest residents. The state relies heavily on these revenues to fund education and social services.
- Texas: With no state income tax, Texas relies on property taxes and sales taxes to fund its government. This approach is popular among residents who prefer lower income taxes but can lead to higher costs for homeowners.
- Florida: Similar to Texas, Florida has no state income tax and depends on sales taxes and tourism to generate revenue. This makes the state attractive to retirees and tourists but can create budget challenges during economic downturns.
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3. State Tax Deadlines and Changes: Stay Updated for Financial Success
Knowing when your state taxes are due and keeping up with annual changes is essential for avoiding penalties and maximizing your financial benefits. State tax laws and deadlines can vary significantly from federal regulations, making it crucial to stay informed.
Typical State Tax Deadlines
Generally, state income tax returns are due on the same day as federal income tax returns, which is typically April 15th. However, this deadline can shift due to weekends or holidays, so it’s always best to verify the specific date each year. Some states may also offer extensions, similar to the federal government, but these usually require an application before the original deadline.
State Tax Changes in 2023
Each year, state tax laws are subject to change, impacting rates, deductions, and credits. Here are some common types of changes to watch for:
- Rate Adjustments: States may increase or decrease income tax rates based on budgetary needs and economic conditions.
- Bracket Modifications: Income tax brackets can be adjusted to reflect inflation or to redistribute the tax burden.
- New or Revised Tax Credits: States often introduce new tax credits or revise existing ones to incentivize certain behaviors, such as investments in renewable energy or charitable giving.
- Changes to Deductions: Deductions for various expenses, like education or healthcare, may be altered or eliminated.
- Updates to Filing Requirements: States may change the income thresholds that trigger the requirement to file a state income tax return.
Staying Informed About Tax Changes
Keeping up with state tax changes can seem daunting, but here are several reliable ways to stay informed:
- State Department of Revenue Websites: Each state has a Department of Revenue (or similar agency) that publishes updates on tax laws, regulations, and deadlines. These websites are usually the most authoritative source of information.
- Tax Professionals: Consulting with a tax advisor or accountant can provide personalized guidance on how state tax changes affect your individual situation.
- Tax Software: Tax preparation software is typically updated each year to reflect the latest state tax laws, making it easier to file accurately.
- Newsletters and Alerts: Many states offer email newsletters or alerts that provide timely updates on tax-related news and changes.
Examples of Recent State Tax Changes
- Arizona: In recent years, Arizona has implemented significant income tax cuts, aiming to simplify the tax system and reduce the tax burden on residents.
- New York: New York has adjusted its income tax brackets and rates for high-income earners to address budget deficits and fund social programs.
- Illinois: Illinois has modified its property tax laws to provide relief to homeowners and encourage economic development.
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4. Capital Gains and Corporate Income Taxes: Implications for Investors and Businesses
Beyond individual income taxes, capital gains and corporate income taxes play a crucial role in shaping the financial landscape of states. Understanding these taxes is vital for investors and businesses looking to optimize their financial strategies.
Capital Gains Taxes
Capital gains tax is levied on the profit from selling assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate. The tax rate can vary depending on how long you held the asset (short-term vs. long-term) and your income level. States handle capital gains taxes in different ways:
- Alignment with Federal Rules: Some states align their capital gains tax rules with the federal government, using the same rates and holding periods.
- Separate Rates: Other states have separate capital gains tax rates, which may be higher or lower than federal rates.
- No Capital Gains Tax: A few states, primarily those without an income tax, do not impose a capital gains tax.
For investors, understanding these differences can significantly impact their after-tax returns. States with lower or no capital gains taxes may be more attractive for investment activities.
Corporate Income Taxes
Corporate income tax is levied on the profits of businesses operating within a state. The tax rate can vary widely, affecting a state’s attractiveness to businesses. Key aspects of corporate income taxes include:
- Tax Rates: Corporate income tax rates range from 0% in states like South Dakota and Wyoming to over 9% in states like New Jersey.
- Tax Incentives: States often offer tax incentives, such as credits and deductions, to attract businesses and stimulate economic growth.
- Apportionment Formulas: States use different formulas to determine how much of a company’s income is taxable within the state, based on factors like sales, payroll, and property.
Corporate income taxes can have a significant impact on a business’s profitability and location decisions. States with lower corporate income taxes and attractive incentives may be more competitive in attracting and retaining businesses.
Examples of State Approaches
- California: California has a high corporate income tax rate but also offers various tax incentives for specific industries, such as technology and renewable energy.
- Texas: With no state income tax, Texas is attractive to businesses, but they must pay property taxes, which can be substantial.
- Florida: Similar to Texas, Florida’s lack of state income tax and favorable business climate make it a popular destination for companies.
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5. States with the Highest Income Tax Rates: Factors and Financial Implications
Which states have the highest income tax rates, and what are the implications for residents and businesses? Understanding the states with the highest income tax rates can provide valuable insights into the financial landscape and help you make informed decisions about where to live and work.
Top States with High Income Tax Rates
As of 2023, several states stand out for having the highest income tax rates in the U.S. These states often have complex tax systems with multiple brackets and high top rates:
- California: California has the highest income tax rate in the nation, with a top rate of 13.3% for individuals earning over $1 million.
- Hawaii: Hawaii’s top income tax rate is 11% for individuals earning over $200,000.
- New York: New York’s top income tax rate is 10.9% for individuals earning over $1,077,550.
- New Jersey: New Jersey’s top income tax rate is 10.75% on income over $5 million.
- Oregon: Oregon’s top income tax rate is 9.9% for single filers earning over $125,000.
- Minnesota: Minnesota’s top income tax rate is 9.85% for individuals earning more than $164,400.
- District of Columbia: The District of Columbia’s top income tax rate is 10.75% on income over $1 million.
- Vermont: Vermont’s top income tax rate is 8.75% for individual incomes over $204,000.
- Iowa: Iowa’s top income tax rate is 8.53% for individuals earning more than $75,420.
- Wisconsin: Wisconsin’s top income tax rate is 7.65% on individual incomes exceeding $263,480.
Factors Contributing to High Income Tax Rates
Several factors contribute to high-income tax rates in these states:
- Funding Public Services: States with high income tax rates often invest heavily in public services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
- Progressive Tax Systems: Many of these states have progressive tax systems, where higher earners pay a larger percentage of their income to support social programs.
- Economic Policies: High-income tax rates may be part of a broader economic policy aimed at reducing income inequality and ensuring a certain level of social welfare.
- Historical Factors: Tax policies often evolve over time, influenced by historical events, economic trends, and political ideologies.
Financial Implications of High Income Tax Rates
High income tax rates can have significant financial implications for residents and businesses:
- Reduced Take-Home Pay: Higher taxes mean less disposable income for individuals and families, potentially affecting their ability to save and invest.
- Business Location Decisions: High tax rates can discourage businesses from locating or expanding in a state, potentially leading to slower economic growth.
- Migration Patterns: Some individuals and businesses may choose to move to states with lower tax rates, leading to a loss of talent and capital.
- Tax Planning Strategies: High-income earners may need to employ sophisticated tax planning strategies to minimize their tax liabilities, such as investing in tax-advantaged accounts or relocating to lower-tax states.
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6. States with No Income Tax: Advantages and Considerations for Residents
What are the advantages of living in a state with no income tax, and what other factors should you consider? Understanding the states with no income tax can help you evaluate the overall financial benefits and trade-offs of residing in these locations.
States with No Income Tax
As of 2023, eight states do not impose a state income tax on their residents’ earnings:
- Alaska
- Florida
- Nevada
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Washington
- Wyoming
These states offer residents the advantage of keeping more of their earned income, potentially leading to greater financial freedom.
Advantages of Living in a State with No Income Tax
Living in a state with no income tax can provide several financial benefits:
- Higher Take-Home Pay: With no state income tax, residents have more disposable income, allowing them to save, invest, or spend as they choose.
- Simplified Tax Filing: Residents do not need to file a state income tax return, simplifying their tax obligations and reducing the time and effort required for tax preparation.
- Attractiveness to Businesses: States with no income tax may be more attractive to businesses, leading to job creation and economic growth.
- Retirement Planning: Retirees may find states with no income tax particularly appealing, as they can stretch their retirement income further without state income taxes reducing their funds.
Considerations for Residents
While living in a state with no income tax can be financially advantageous, it’s essential to consider other factors:
- Property Taxes: States with no income tax may rely more heavily on property taxes to fund public services, potentially leading to higher costs for homeowners.
- Sales Taxes: These states may also have higher sales taxes, affecting the cost of goods and services.
- Other Taxes and Fees: States may impose other taxes and fees, such as excise taxes on specific goods or services, to generate revenue.
- Public Services: The level and quality of public services, such as education and infrastructure, may vary in states with no income tax.
Examples of State Approaches
- Texas: Texas has no state income tax but relies on property taxes and sales taxes to fund its government. The state’s strong economy and business-friendly environment make it attractive to residents and businesses.
- Florida: Similar to Texas, Florida has no state income tax and depends on sales taxes and tourism to generate revenue. The state’s warm climate and recreational opportunities make it a popular destination for retirees and tourists.
- Washington: Washington has no state income tax but imposes a high sales tax. The state’s booming technology sector and diverse economy make it a desirable place to live and work.
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7. Property Tax Rates: Comparing States and Understanding the Impact
Property tax rates vary significantly across the United States, influencing the cost of homeownership and the funding of local services. Understanding these differences can help you assess the financial implications of owning property in various states.
States with the Highest Property Tax Rates
As of 2023, these states have the highest average property tax rates:
- New Jersey: New Jersey has the highest property tax rates in the nation, averaging over 2% of home value.
- Illinois: Illinois has high property tax rates, particularly in the Chicago area, averaging around 2% of home value.
- New Hampshire: New Hampshire has high property tax rates, despite having no state income tax, averaging around 1.9% of home value.
- Connecticut: Connecticut has high property tax rates, particularly in affluent suburbs, averaging around 1.8% of home value.
- Vermont: Vermont has high property tax rates, due in part to its reliance on property taxes to fund local schools, averaging around 1.8% of home value.
- Texas: Despite having no state income tax, Texas has relatively high property tax rates, particularly in fast-growing urban areas, averaging around 1.7% of home value.
- Nebraska: Nebraska has high property tax rates, due to its reliance on property taxes to fund local governments and schools, averaging around 1.7% of home value.
- Wisconsin: Wisconsin has high property tax rates, particularly in rural areas, averaging around 1.6% of home value.
- Ohio: Ohio has high property tax rates, particularly in urban areas, averaging around 1.6% of home value.
- Iowa: Iowa has high property tax rates, due to its reliance on property taxes to fund local services, averaging around 1.5% of home value.
States with the Lowest Property Tax Rates
These states have the lowest average property tax rates:
- Hawaii: Hawaii has the lowest property tax rates in the nation, due to its high property values and diverse revenue streams, averaging less than 0.3% of home value.
- Alabama: Alabama has low property tax rates, due to its constitutional limitations on property taxes, averaging around 0.4% of home value.
- Colorado: Colorado has low property tax rates, due to its Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR), which limits property tax increases, averaging around 0.5% of home value.
- Louisiana: Louisiana has low property tax rates, due to its homestead exemption and other tax relief measures, averaging around 0.5% of home value.
- District of Columbia: The District of Columbia has relatively low property tax rates, due to its diverse revenue streams and high property values, averaging around 0.6% of home value.
- South Carolina: South Carolina has low property tax rates, due to its homestead exemption and other tax relief measures, averaging around 0.6% of home value.
- West Virginia: West Virginia has low property tax rates, due to its reliance on other revenue sources, averaging around 0.6% of home value.
- Nevada: Nevada has low property tax rates, due to its constitutional limitations on property taxes, averaging around 0.6% of home value.
- Wyoming: Wyoming has low property tax rates, due to its reliance on mineral revenues, averaging around 0.6% of home value.
- Utah: Utah has relatively low property tax rates, due to its constitutional limitations on property taxes, averaging around 0.6% of home value.
Impact of Property Tax Rates
Property tax rates can significantly impact the cost of homeownership:
- Monthly Housing Costs: Higher property taxes increase monthly housing costs, reducing disposable income and potentially making homeownership less affordable.
- Home Values: High property taxes can depress home values, making it more difficult for homeowners to sell their properties.
- Local Services: Property taxes fund local services such as schools, roads, and public safety. High property taxes may indicate better-funded services, while low property taxes may mean limited services.
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8. Sales Tax Rates: Where You Pay the Most and Least
Sales tax rates can vary significantly across the United States, affecting the cost of goods and services. Knowing which states have the highest and lowest sales tax rates can help you make informed purchasing decisions and choose cost-effective locations.
States with the Highest Combined Sales Tax Rates
As of 2023, these states have the highest average combined state and local sales tax rates:
- Tennessee: Tennessee has the highest combined sales tax rate, averaging 9.55%.
- Louisiana: Louisiana has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 9.52%.
- Arkansas: Arkansas has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 9.47%.
- Washington: Washington has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 9.23%.
- Alabama: Alabama has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 9.24%.
- Oklahoma: Oklahoma has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 8.95%.
- Illinois: Illinois has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 8.82%.
- Kansas: Kansas has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 8.68%.
- California: California has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 8.66%.
- Texas: Texas has a high combined sales tax rate, averaging 8.25%.
States with the Lowest Sales Tax Rates
These states have the lowest sales tax rates:
- Delaware: Delaware has no sales tax.
- Montana: Montana has no sales tax.
- New Hampshire: New Hampshire has no sales tax.
- Oregon: Oregon has no sales tax.
- Alaska: Alaska has no state-level sales tax, but some localities impose their own taxes, averaging a low combined rate of 1.76%.
- Hawaii: Hawaii has a low sales tax rate, averaging 4.44%.
- Wyoming: Wyoming has a low sales tax rate, averaging 5.34%.
- Wisconsin: Wisconsin has a low sales tax rate, averaging 5.43%.
- Maine: Maine has a low sales tax rate, averaging 5.50%.
- Virginia: Virginia has a low sales tax rate, averaging 5.65%.
Impact of Sales Tax Rates
Sales tax rates can significantly impact the cost of goods and services:
- Consumer Spending: Higher sales taxes can reduce consumer spending, as goods and services become more expensive.
- Business Competitiveness: High sales taxes can make businesses less competitive, as customers may shop in lower-tax areas.
- Cross-Border Shopping: Residents of high-tax states may cross state lines to shop in lower-tax areas, leading to revenue leakage.
- Revenue Generation: Sales taxes are a significant source of revenue for state and local governments, funding public services and infrastructure.
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9. State Tax Burden: Understanding the Total Impact on Your Wallet
Understanding your state’s tax burden is crucial for assessing the overall financial impact of living in a particular location. The tax burden includes all state and local taxes, such as income, property, sales, and excise taxes, as a percentage of income.
States with the Highest Tax Burden
As of 2023, these states have the highest overall tax burden:
- New York: New York has one of the highest tax burdens in the U.S., with total state and local taxes averaging around 12.47% of income.
- Hawaii: Hawaii has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 12.31% of income.
- Maine: Maine has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 11.14% of income.
- Vermont: Vermont has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 10.28% of income.
- Connecticut: Connecticut has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 9.83% of income.
- New Jersey: New Jersey has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 9.76% of income.
- Maryland: Maryland has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 9.44% of income.
- Minnesota: Minnesota has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 9.41% of income.
- Illinois: Illinois has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 9.38% of income.
- Iowa: Iowa has a high tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 9.15% of income.
States with the Lowest Tax Burden
These states have the lowest overall tax burden:
- Alaska: Alaska has the lowest tax burden in the U.S., with total state and local taxes averaging around 5.06% of income.
- Delaware: Delaware has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.12% of income.
- New Hampshire: New Hampshire has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.14% of income.
- Tennessee: Tennessee has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.22% of income.
- Florida: Florida has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.33% of income.
- Wyoming: Wyoming has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.42% of income.
- South Dakota: South Dakota has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.69% of income.
- Montana: Montana has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 6.93% of income.
- Missouri: Missouri has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 7.11% of income.
- Oklahoma: Oklahoma has a low tax burden, with total state and local taxes averaging around 7.12% of income.
Impact of State Tax Burden
The state tax burden can significantly impact your overall financial well-being:
- Disposable Income: Higher tax burdens reduce disposable income, limiting your ability to save, invest, and spend.
- Cost of Living: The tax burden is a key component of the overall cost of living, influencing your ability to afford housing, transportation, and other essential expenses.
- Financial Planning: Understanding your state’s tax burden is essential for effective financial planning, helping you make informed decisions about where to live, work, and retire.
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10. Comparative Look at State Taxes: A Comprehensive Guide
Comparing state taxes across different categories is essential for making informed decisions about where to live and do business. This comprehensive guide provides a comparative overview of state income tax rates, property tax rates, sales tax rates, and corporate income tax rates, helping you assess the overall tax landscape in each state.
State | Income Tax Rate | Ave. Property Tax Rate | Ave. Combined Sales Tax Rate | Corporate Income Tax Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 2% – 5% | 0.40% | 9.24% | 6.5% |
Alaska | 0 | 1.04% | 1.81% | 0% – 9.4% |
Arizona | 2.5% | 0.63% | 8.37% | 4.9% |
Arkansas | 2% – 4.9% | 0.64% | 9.44% | 1% – 5.3% |
California | 1% – 13.3% | 0.75% | 8.85% | 8.84% |
Colorado | 4.4% | 0.55% | 7.79% | 4.4% |
Connecticut | 3% – 6.99% | 1.79% | 6.35% | 7.5% |
Delaware | 2.2% – 6.6% | 0.61% | 0.00% | 8.75% |
Florida | 0 | 0.91% | 7.02% | 5.5% |
Georgia | 1% – 5.57% | 0.92% | 7.39% | 5.75% |
Hawaii | 1.4% – 11% | 0.32% | 4.44% | 4.4% – 6.4% |
Idaho | 5.8% | 0.67% | 6.02% | 5.8% |
Illinois | 4.95% | 2.08% | 8.84% | 9.5% |
Indiana | 3.15% | 0.84% | 7.00% | 4.9% |
Iowa | 4.4% – 6% | 1.52% | 6.93% | 5.5% – 8.4% |
Kansas | 3.1% – 4.7% | 1.34% | 8.75% | 4% – 7% |
Kentucky | 4.5% | 0.83% | 6.00% | 5% |
Louisiana | 1.85% – 4.25% | 0.56% | 9.55% | 3.5% – 7.5% |
Maine | 5.8% – 7.15% | 1.24% | 5.50% | 3.5% – 8.93% |
Maryland | 2% – 5.75% | 1.05% | 6.00% | 8.25% |
Massachusetts | 5% – 9% |