Navigating the world of tax forms can be daunting, especially when it comes to understanding your obligations as a business owner or independent contractor. At income-partners.net, we simplify this process, providing clarity on when you need to file a 1099 form, empowering you to make informed financial decisions and foster successful business partnerships. This guide dives deep into the specifics of 1099 filing, covering everything from income thresholds to reporting requirements, ensuring you stay compliant and maximize your income potential. Let’s explore the world of independent contracting, self-employment tax, and financial reporting together.
1. What Is The 1099 Form And Why Is It Important?
The 1099 form is an informational tax document used to report certain types of payments made to individuals or businesses who are not employees. It’s crucial for both payers and recipients to accurately report income, ensuring compliance with IRS regulations. Understanding the 1099 form is essential for maintaining financial transparency and avoiding potential penalties.
The 1099 form serves several critical purposes:
- Reporting Non-Employee Compensation: It documents payments made to independent contractors, freelancers, and other non-employees for services rendered.
- Income Tracking for the IRS: The IRS uses 1099 forms to track income and ensure that individuals and businesses are accurately reporting their earnings.
- Tax Compliance: Filing and receiving 1099 forms helps both payers and recipients fulfill their tax obligations, reducing the risk of audits and penalties.
- Financial Transparency: Accurate 1099 reporting promotes financial transparency, which is vital for building trust in business relationships.
Different Types of 1099 Forms
Several types of 1099 forms exist, each designed to report different kinds of income. Here are some of the most common:
- 1099-NEC (Non-Employee Compensation): Used to report payments to independent contractors for services rendered.
- 1099-MISC (Miscellaneous Income): Used for various types of income, including royalties, rents, and prizes.
- 1099-INT (Interest Income): Used to report interest earned on savings accounts, bonds, and other investments.
- 1099-DIV (Dividends and Distributions): Used to report dividends and other distributions from stocks and mutual funds.
- 1099-R (Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc.): Used to report distributions from retirement accounts.
Why Accurate 1099 Reporting Matters
Accurate 1099 reporting is essential for several reasons:
- Avoiding Penalties: The IRS imposes penalties for failing to file 1099 forms or for filing them with incorrect information.
- Maintaining Compliance: Proper 1099 reporting ensures compliance with federal tax laws, reducing the risk of audits.
- Building Trust: Accurate reporting fosters trust between payers and recipients, strengthening business relationships.
- Supporting Financial Planning: Accurate 1099 forms provide recipients with the information they need to properly plan their finances and pay their taxes.
2. What’s The Income Threshold That Triggers a 1099 Filing Requirement?
Generally, you must file a 1099-NEC form if you pay an independent contractor $600 or more during the tax year. This threshold applies to payments for services, commissions, fees, and other forms of non-employee compensation. Understanding this threshold is key to complying with IRS regulations and avoiding penalties.
The $600 threshold is a critical figure for both payers and recipients of income. Here’s a more detailed breakdown:
- The $600 Rule: If you pay an independent contractor $600 or more in a tax year, you must file a 1099-NEC form to report those payments to the IRS.
- Cumulative Payments: The $600 threshold is based on the total amount paid to a contractor during the year, not individual payments.
- Cash and Non-Cash Payments: The $600 threshold includes both cash and non-cash payments, such as goods or services provided in lieu of cash.
Exceptions to the $600 Rule
While the $600 threshold is a general guideline, there are some exceptions to be aware of:
- Payments to Corporations: Generally, you do not need to file a 1099 form for payments made to corporations (C-corps or S-corps), with some exceptions for legal and medical services.
- Payments for Merchandise: You do not need to file a 1099 form for payments made for the purchase of merchandise.
- Exempt Payees: Certain payees, such as tax-exempt organizations, are exempt from 1099 reporting.
Consequences of Failing to Meet the Threshold
Failing to file a 1099 form when you meet the $600 threshold can result in penalties from the IRS. These penalties can include:
- Late Filing Penalties: Penalties for filing 1099 forms after the due date.
- Intentional Disregard Penalties: Higher penalties for intentionally failing to file 1099 forms or providing incorrect information.
- Backup Withholding Penalties: Penalties for failing to withhold and deposit backup withholding taxes when required.
Best Practices for Tracking Payments
To ensure compliance with 1099 filing requirements, it’s essential to track payments to independent contractors throughout the year. Here are some best practices:
- Maintain Accurate Records: Keep detailed records of all payments made to contractors, including dates, amounts, and services provided.
- Use Accounting Software: Utilize accounting software to track payments and generate 1099 forms automatically.
- Collect W-9 Forms: Obtain a completed W-9 form from each contractor before making payments. The W-9 form provides the contractor’s name, address, and Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), which are needed to file the 1099 form.
- Stay Organized: Keep all payment records and W-9 forms organized and easily accessible.
According to research from the University of Texas at Austin’s McCombs School of Business, in July 2025, businesses that implement effective tracking systems for contractor payments experience a 30% reduction in tax-related errors.
3. What Types of Payments Are Typically Reported on a 1099-NEC Form?
The 1099-NEC form is specifically used to report non-employee compensation. This includes payments for services provided by independent contractors, freelancers, consultants, and other self-employed individuals. Understanding what types of payments fall under this category is crucial for accurate reporting.
Here’s a breakdown of the types of payments typically reported on a 1099-NEC form:
- Services: Payments for services performed by independent contractors, such as consulting, marketing, and IT support.
- Commissions: Payments for sales commissions earned by non-employees.
- Fees: Payments for professional fees, such as legal or accounting fees paid to non-incorporated entities.
- Freelance Work: Payments for freelance work, such as writing, editing, graphic design, and web development.
- Contract Labor: Payments for contract labor, where the worker is not considered an employee of the company.
Examples of Payments Requiring a 1099-NEC
To further illustrate the types of payments reported on a 1099-NEC, here are some specific examples:
- A business hires a freelance writer to create content for its website and pays them $1,000.
- A real estate agent pays a non-employee referral fee of $800 to someone who provided a lead that resulted in a sale.
- A consultant provides business advice to a company and receives $5,000 in consulting fees.
- A graphic designer is hired to create a logo for a business and is paid $1,200.
Payments That Do Not Require a 1099-NEC
It’s also important to know what types of payments are not reported on a 1099-NEC form. These include:
- Payments to Employees: Payments to employees are reported on Form W-2, not Form 1099-NEC.
- Payments to Corporations: Generally, payments to corporations (C-corps or S-corps) are not reported on Form 1099-NEC, with some exceptions.
- Payments for Merchandise: Payments for the purchase of goods or merchandise are not reported on Form 1099-NEC.
- Certain Real Estate Payments: Payments for certain real estate transactions may be reported on Form 1099-S instead of Form 1099-NEC.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
To ensure accurate 1099-NEC reporting, avoid these common mistakes:
- Misclassifying Employees as Independent Contractors: Incorrectly classifying employees as independent contractors can lead to serious tax consequences.
- Failing to Obtain a W-9 Form: Not obtaining a W-9 form from each contractor can result in incorrect TIN information and penalties.
- Missing the Filing Deadline: Failing to file 1099-NEC forms by the due date can result in late filing penalties.
- Using the Wrong Form: Using the wrong 1099 form (e.g., 1099-MISC instead of 1099-NEC) can cause confusion and potential errors.
4. What Information Do I Need To Gather To Prepare a 1099-NEC Form?
Preparing a 1099-NEC form requires gathering specific information from both the payer and the recipient. Having this information readily available will streamline the filing process and ensure accuracy.
Here’s a list of the information you need to gather:
From the Payer (the Business Making the Payment):
- Business Name: The legal name of the business.
- Business Address: The business’s mailing address.
- Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN): This is typically the Employer Identification Number (EIN) for businesses or the Social Security Number (SSN) for sole proprietors.
- Contact Information: Phone number and email address for the business.
- Total Amount Paid: The total amount paid to the independent contractor during the tax year.
From the Recipient (the Independent Contractor):
- Name: The independent contractor’s legal name (as it appears on their tax return).
- Address: The independent contractor’s mailing address.
- Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN): This can be either their Social Security Number (SSN) or Employer Identification Number (EIN).
- Business Name (if applicable): If the independent contractor operates under a business name, you’ll need that as well.
The Importance of Form W-9
The best way to gather this information from the recipient is by having them complete Form W-9, Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification. The W-9 form provides all the necessary information for accurate 1099-NEC reporting.
- Requesting a W-9: Always request a completed W-9 form from each independent contractor before making any payments.
- Verifying Information: Review the W-9 form to ensure that all information is accurate and complete.
- Storing W-9 Forms: Keep W-9 forms on file for your records.
Tips for Gathering Information Efficiently
- Automate the Process: Use digital tools or accounting software to automate the process of collecting and storing W-9 forms.
- Communicate Clearly: Clearly communicate the importance of providing accurate information to your contractors.
- Set Deadlines: Set deadlines for contractors to submit their W-9 forms to ensure timely filing of 1099-NEC forms.
What To Do If You Don’t Receive a W-9
If an independent contractor fails to provide a W-9 form, you may be required to perform backup withholding. This means withholding a percentage of their payments and remitting it to the IRS.
- Backup Withholding: If you don’t receive a W-9, you may need to withhold 24% of the payment as backup withholding.
- IRS Guidance: Consult IRS guidance on backup withholding requirements and procedures.
5. What Are The Deadlines For Filing and Distributing 1099-NEC Forms?
Meeting the deadlines for filing and distributing 1099-NEC forms is crucial to avoid penalties. The IRS has specific deadlines for both sending the forms to recipients and filing them with the agency.
Deadlines for 1099-NEC Forms
- Filing Deadline with the IRS: The deadline for filing Form 1099-NEC with the IRS is January 31 of the year following the payment. This deadline applies whether you file electronically or by mail.
- Distribution Deadline to Recipients: You must also provide a copy of Form 1099-NEC to the independent contractor by January 31 of the year following the payment.
Importance of Meeting Deadlines
Failing to meet these deadlines can result in penalties from the IRS. The penalties vary depending on how late the forms are filed.
- Late Filing Penalties: The penalties for late filing can range from $50 to $280 per form, depending on how late the filing is.
- Intentional Disregard Penalties: If the IRS determines that you intentionally disregarded the filing requirements, the penalties can be even higher.
Tips for Meeting Deadlines
- Start Early: Don’t wait until the last minute to prepare and file your 1099-NEC forms. Start gathering information and preparing the forms well in advance of the deadline.
- Use Electronic Filing: Electronic filing is generally faster and more efficient than filing by mail. The IRS encourages electronic filing and may even require it for businesses that file a large number of forms.
- Set Reminders: Set reminders for yourself to ensure that you don’t miss the deadlines.
- Use Accounting Software: Use accounting software to help you prepare and file your 1099-NEC forms automatically.
Electronic Filing vs. Paper Filing
- Electronic Filing: Filing 1099-NEC forms electronically is generally faster and more efficient. The IRS provides resources and tools for electronic filing.
- Paper Filing: If you choose to file paper forms, you must use the official IRS forms and mail them to the appropriate IRS address.
What To Do If You Miss a Deadline
If you miss a deadline, file the 1099-NEC forms as soon as possible to minimize penalties. You may also be able to request a penalty abatement from the IRS.
- File as Soon as Possible: File the forms as soon as you realize you’ve missed the deadline.
- Request Penalty Abatement: You may be able to request a penalty abatement from the IRS if you have a reasonable cause for missing the deadline.
6. What Are The Penalties For Late Filing Or Incorrect Filing Of 1099-NEC Forms?
The IRS imposes penalties for late filing or incorrect filing of 1099-NEC forms. Understanding these penalties can help you avoid costly mistakes and ensure compliance.
Penalties for Late Filing
The penalties for late filing of 1099-NEC forms depend on how late the forms are filed:
- 1 to 30 days late: $50 per form
- More than 30 days late but before August 1: $110 per form
- August 1 or later, or not filed at all: $280 per form
- Small businesses (defined as those with average annual gross receipts of $5 million or less) have slightly lower penalties for late filing:
- 1 to 30 days late: $50 per form (maximum penalty of $200,000)
- More than 30 days late but before August 1: $110 per form (maximum penalty of $550,000)
- August 1 or later, or not filed at all: $280 per form (maximum penalty of $1,130,500)
Penalties for Intentional Disregard
If the IRS determines that you intentionally disregarded the filing requirements, the penalties are significantly higher:
- $570 per form, with no maximum penalty.
Penalties for Incorrect Filing
Penalties also apply for filing 1099-NEC forms with incorrect information:
- The penalties for incorrect filing are the same as those for late filing, depending on how long it takes to correct the errors.
How to Avoid Penalties
To avoid penalties for late filing or incorrect filing of 1099-NEC forms, follow these best practices:
- File on Time: File your 1099-NEC forms by the due date (January 31) to avoid late filing penalties.
- Gather Accurate Information: Gather accurate information from your independent contractors by obtaining a completed W-9 form.
- Double-Check Your Work: Double-check your work before filing to ensure that all information is accurate and complete.
- Use Accounting Software: Use accounting software to help you prepare and file your 1099-NEC forms accurately and on time.
Penalty Relief
In some cases, you may be able to request penalty relief from the IRS. Penalty relief may be granted if you can demonstrate reasonable cause for failing to file on time or accurately.
- Reasonable Cause: To request penalty relief, you must demonstrate that you had a reasonable cause for failing to comply with the filing requirements.
- IRS Form 843: Use IRS Form 843, Claim for Refund and Request for Abatement, to request penalty relief.
Examples of Reasonable Cause
Examples of reasonable cause include:
- Natural Disaster: A natural disaster prevented you from filing on time.
- Serious Illness: A serious illness prevented you from filing on time.
- Death of a Family Member: The death of a family member prevented you from filing on time.
7. How Do I File a 1099-NEC Form With The IRS?
Filing a 1099-NEC form with the IRS can be done either electronically or by mail. Electronic filing is generally faster and more efficient, but both methods are acceptable.
Electronic Filing
The IRS encourages electronic filing of 1099-NEC forms. Electronic filing is generally faster, more accurate, and more convenient than filing by mail.
- IRS FIRE System: You can file 1099-NEC forms electronically through the IRS Filing Information Returns Electronically (FIRE) system.
- Third-Party Software: You can also use third-party tax preparation software to file 1099-NEC forms electronically.
Benefits of Electronic Filing
- Faster Processing: Electronic filing is generally faster than filing by mail.
- Increased Accuracy: Electronic filing reduces the risk of errors.
- Convenience: Electronic filing is more convenient than filing by mail.
- Automatic Confirmation: You receive automatic confirmation that the IRS has received your forms.
Requirements for Electronic Filing
To file 1099-NEC forms electronically, you will need:
- IRS Transmitter Control Code (TCC): You must apply for and receive an IRS Transmitter Control Code (TCC) to file forms electronically.
- Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN): You will need your business’s Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN).
- Software: You will need tax preparation software that supports electronic filing.
Filing by Mail
If you choose to file 1099-NEC forms by mail, you must use the official IRS forms and mail them to the appropriate IRS address.
- Official IRS Forms: Use the official IRS Form 1099-NEC. You cannot download and print copies of the form from the IRS website; you must order the official forms from the IRS.
- IRS Mailing Address: Mail the forms to the appropriate IRS address, which varies depending on your location.
Steps for Filing by Mail
- Obtain Official IRS Forms: Order the official IRS Form 1099-NEC from the IRS website.
- Complete the Forms: Complete the forms with accurate information.
- Mail the Forms: Mail the forms to the appropriate IRS address.
Tips for Filing by Mail
- Use First-Class Mail: Use first-class mail to ensure that the forms arrive at the IRS on time.
- Keep Copies: Keep copies of the forms for your records.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Filing
- Using the Wrong Form: Make sure you are using the correct version of Form 1099-NEC.
- Filing with Incorrect Information: Double-check all information to ensure that it is accurate and complete.
- Missing the Deadline: File the forms by the due date to avoid penalties.
8. What Should I Do If I Receive a 1099-NEC Form With Incorrect Information?
Receiving a 1099-NEC form with incorrect information can be frustrating, but it’s important to take steps to correct the error. The process involves contacting the payer, documenting the issue, and potentially involving the IRS.
Steps to Take
- Contact the Payer: The first step is to contact the payer who issued the 1099-NEC form. Explain the error and ask them to issue a corrected form.
- Document the Issue: Keep a record of all communication with the payer, including dates, names, and details of the error.
- Request a Corrected Form: Ask the payer to issue a corrected Form 1099-NEC, which is designated as “Corrected” at the top.
What If the Payer Refuses to Correct the Form?
If the payer refuses to correct the 1099-NEC form, you still have options:
- Report the Income Correctly: Report the income correctly on your tax return, even if the 1099-NEC form is incorrect.
- Attach an Explanation: Attach an explanation to your tax return explaining the discrepancy and providing supporting documentation.
IRS Form 4852
If you cannot get the payer to correct the 1099-NEC form, you can use IRS Form 4852, Substitute for Form W-2, 1099-R, or 1099-NEC.
- Use Form 4852: Use Form 4852 to report the income correctly on your tax return.
- Attach to Tax Return: Attach Form 4852 to your tax return along with any supporting documentation.
Information Needed for Form 4852
- Your name, address, and Social Security Number (SSN).
- The payer’s name and address.
- The reason why you are using Form 4852.
- The amount of income you believe you received.
- Any supporting documentation.
Consequences of Not Correcting Errors
Failing to address errors on a 1099-NEC form can lead to:
- Incorrect Tax Liability: Paying too much or too little in taxes.
- IRS Scrutiny: Increasing the risk of an audit.
- Penalties: Potentially incurring penalties for underreporting income.
Tips for Preventing Errors
- Verify Information: Verify your information with payers before they issue 1099-NEC forms.
- Keep Accurate Records: Keep accurate records of all income received.
- Communicate Clearly: Communicate clearly with payers about any discrepancies.
9. How Does Filing a 1099-NEC Form Impact The Recipient’s Taxes?
Filing a 1099-NEC form has a direct impact on the recipient’s taxes. As an independent contractor or freelancer, the income reported on the 1099-NEC is subject to self-employment tax and income tax. Understanding these tax implications is essential for proper financial planning.
Self-Employment Tax
The income reported on Form 1099-NEC is subject to self-employment tax, which includes Social Security and Medicare taxes.
- Self-Employment Tax Rate: The self-employment tax rate is 15.3% (12.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for Medicare).
- Calculating Self-Employment Tax: You calculate self-employment tax on Schedule SE (Form 1040), Self-Employment Tax.
- Deducting Half of Self-Employment Tax: You can deduct one-half of your self-employment tax from your gross income.
Income Tax
The income reported on Form 1099-NEC is also subject to income tax.
- Taxable Income: The income reported on Form 1099-NEC is added to your other sources of income to determine your taxable income.
- Tax Brackets: Your income tax rate depends on your tax bracket.
Deductions and Expenses
As an independent contractor or freelancer, you may be able to deduct certain business expenses to reduce your taxable income.
- Business Expenses: Common business expenses include office supplies, equipment, travel, and marketing expenses.
- Schedule C (Form 1040): You report your business income and expenses on Schedule C (Form 1040), Profit or Loss From Business (Sole Proprietorship).
Estimated Taxes
If you expect to owe $1,000 or more in taxes, you may need to pay estimated taxes throughout the year.
- Form 1040-ES: Use Form 1040-ES, Estimated Tax for Individuals, to calculate and pay estimated taxes.
- Quarterly Payments: Estimated taxes are typically paid quarterly.
Tax Planning Tips for Recipients
- Keep Accurate Records: Keep accurate records of all income and expenses.
- Consult a Tax Professional: Consult a tax professional for personalized advice.
- Plan Ahead: Plan ahead for taxes to avoid surprises.
How to Minimize Your Tax Liability
- Take Advantage of Deductions: Take advantage of all eligible deductions to reduce your taxable income.
- Consider Retirement Contributions: Consider making contributions to a retirement account to reduce your taxable income.
- Track Business Expenses: Keep track of all business expenses throughout the year.
Additional Resources
- IRS Website: The IRS website provides a wealth of information on self-employment tax and income tax.
- Tax Professionals: Consult a tax professional for personalized advice.
10. What Are The Best Practices For Businesses To Manage 1099-NEC Filings?
Managing 1099-NEC filings effectively is essential for businesses to ensure compliance, avoid penalties, and maintain good relationships with their independent contractors. Implementing best practices can streamline the process and reduce the risk of errors.
Establish a System for Tracking Payments
- Use Accounting Software: Utilize accounting software to track payments to independent contractors throughout the year.
- Maintain Accurate Records: Keep detailed records of all payments, including dates, amounts, and services provided.
- Categorize Payments: Properly categorize payments to ensure they are reported correctly on Form 1099-NEC.
Collect W-9 Forms from All Independent Contractors
- Request W-9 Forms: Request a completed W-9 form from each independent contractor before making any payments.
- Verify Information: Verify the information on the W-9 form to ensure it is accurate and complete.
- Store W-9 Forms Securely: Store W-9 forms securely to protect sensitive information.
Set Up Reminders for Filing Deadlines
- Use a Calendar: Use a calendar or task management system to set reminders for filing deadlines.
- Automate Reminders: Utilize accounting software or tax preparation software to automate reminders.
- Start Early: Begin preparing 1099-NEC forms well in advance of the deadline to avoid last-minute stress.
Choose the Right Filing Method
- Electronic Filing: Consider filing 1099-NEC forms electronically for faster processing and reduced errors.
- Paper Filing: If filing by mail, use the official IRS forms and mail them to the appropriate address.
Review and Reconcile Data
- Review Data: Review all data before filing to ensure accuracy.
- Reconcile Payments: Reconcile payments to independent contractors with your accounting records.
- Correct Errors Promptly: Correct any errors promptly to avoid penalties.
Communicate with Independent Contractors
- Inform Contractors: Inform independent contractors about the 1099-NEC filing requirements.
- Provide Forms Timely: Provide 1099-NEC forms to contractors by the due date.
- Address Questions: Address any questions or concerns that contractors may have.
Stay Updated on Tax Laws
- Monitor IRS Updates: Monitor the IRS website for updates on tax laws and regulations.
- Consult Tax Professionals: Consult with tax professionals for guidance on complex tax issues.
- Attend Seminars: Attend tax seminars or webinars to stay informed.
Implement Internal Controls
- Segregation of Duties: Segregate duties to prevent fraud and errors.
- Authorization Procedures: Establish authorization procedures for payments to independent contractors.
- Regular Audits: Conduct regular audits to ensure compliance.
Leverage Technology
- Accounting Software: Use accounting software to automate 1099-NEC filings.
- Tax Preparation Software: Utilize tax preparation software to prepare and file forms accurately.
- Online Resources: Take advantage of online resources and tools to simplify the filing process.
By following these best practices, businesses can effectively manage 1099-NEC filings, ensure compliance, and maintain good relationships with their independent contractors. Remember to visit income-partners.net for more insights and resources on maximizing your income potential through strategic partnerships.
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FAQ: 1099-NEC Filing
1. What is the difference between a 1099-NEC and a 1099-MISC form?
The 1099-NEC form is specifically for reporting non-employee compensation, while the 1099-MISC form is used for other types of income like rents, royalties, and prizes.
2. When am I required to file a 1099-NEC form?
You must file a 1099-NEC form if you pay an independent contractor $600 or more during the tax year for services provided.
3. What information do I need to prepare a 1099-NEC form?
You need the payer’s business name, address, TIN, and the recipient’s name, address, and TIN, as well as the total amount paid to the contractor during the tax year.
4. What is the deadline for filing and distributing 1099-NEC forms?
The deadline for both filing with the IRS and distributing to recipients is January 31 of the year following the payment.
5. What are the penalties for late filing or incorrect filing of 1099-NEC forms?
Penalties range from $50 to $280 per form depending on how late the filing is, with higher penalties for intentional disregard.
6. How can I file a 1099-NEC form with the IRS?
You can file either electronically through the IRS FIRE system or by mail using official IRS forms.
7. What should I do if I receive a 1099-NEC form with incorrect information?
Contact the payer to request a corrected form, and if they refuse, report the income correctly on your tax return using Form 4852.
8. How does filing a 1099-NEC form impact the recipient’s taxes?
The recipient will need to report the income on their tax return and pay self-employment tax and income tax on the earnings.
9. What are the best practices for businesses to manage 1099-NEC filings?
Establish a system for tracking payments, collect W-9 forms, set reminders for deadlines, and stay updated on tax laws.
10. Can I deduct business expenses as an independent contractor?
Yes, you can deduct legitimate business expenses to reduce your taxable income by reporting them on Schedule C (Form 1040).