**Can You Collect Unemployment If You Have Investment Income?**

Can You Collect Unemployment If You Have Investment Income? The answer is, it depends, but understanding how investment income interacts with unemployment benefits is crucial, and income-partners.net is here to help you navigate this complex landscape. This article provides a detailed look at how different types of income, including investment income, severance pay, retirement pensions, and others, can affect your eligibility for unemployment benefits, ultimately empowering you to make informed decisions about your financial future through strategic partnerships and income diversification.

1. What Types of Investment Income Could Affect Unemployment Benefits?

It depends on state laws and the nature of the investment income, but generally, passive income from investments is less likely to affect unemployment benefits than income derived from active involvement in a business. Understanding which types of investment income might impact your eligibility is crucial.

Several types of investment income could potentially impact your unemployment benefits, depending on state laws and specific circumstances:

• Dividends: Dividends from stocks or mutual funds are typically considered investment income and might affect your eligibility, depending on the amount and state regulations.
• Interest Income: Interest earned from savings accounts, bonds, or other interest-bearing investments could be considered income that reduces or disqualifies your unemployment benefits.
• Rental Income: If you actively manage rental properties, the income generated might be considered self-employment income, potentially affecting your eligibility. However, if you hire a property manager and have little involvement, it might be treated as passive investment income.
• Capital Gains: Profits from selling stocks, bonds, real estate, or other assets could be considered income, especially if these transactions are frequent.
• Business Income: If you’re actively involved in a business, even if it’s an investment, the income derived from it might be considered self-employment income.
• Annuities: Payments received from annuities might be treated as income, especially if they are substantial and regular.

States like Texas have specific rules regarding how various income types affect unemployment benefits. The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) requires you to report all income when applying for benefits. They then determine whether and how that income affects your eligibility.

According to the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC): You must report any income you receive, including severance and wages paid instead of notice of layoff.

Whether your investment income affects your unemployment benefits depends on factors like the nature of the income, how active you are in generating it, and the specific rules of your state.

Table 1: Impact of Investment Income on Unemployment Benefits

Type of Investment Income	Likelihood of Impacting Unemployment Benefits	Notes
Dividends	Medium	Typically considered investment income but depends on amount and state laws.
Interest Income	Medium	Could reduce or disqualify unemployment benefits, depending on state regulations.
Rental Income	High (if actively managed)	If actively managed, considered self-employment income. If passively managed, might be treated as investment income.
Capital Gains	Medium	Profits from selling assets could be considered income, especially if frequent.
Business Income	High	If actively involved in a business, income is considered self-employment income.
Annuities	Medium	Payments received from annuities might be treated as income, especially if substantial.
Royalties	Low to Medium	Income from royalties may be considered passive income, but if the work generating the royalties is ongoing, it could affect eligibility.
Stock Options	Varies	The impact depends on when the options were granted and whether they represent deferred compensation for past work or ongoing investment activities. Disclose stock options to avoid potential penalties.
Cryptocurrency	Medium to High	Whether cryptocurrency affects unemployment hinges on how it’s acquired and managed. Capital gains from selling crypto are generally considered investment income. If you’re actively trading crypto, it might be viewed as self-employment, impacting your eligibility for unemployment benefits.

Disclaimer: Unemployment laws vary by state, and it’s crucial to verify information with your state’s unemployment agency.

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2. How Do State Laws Treat Investment Income and Unemployment Benefits?

State laws vary significantly, so understanding the specifics of your state is critical to avoid penalties and ensure you receive the benefits you are entitled to. Each state has its own regulations, making it essential to understand the specific laws in your location.

State laws treat investment income differently when it comes to unemployment benefits. Here’s a breakdown:

• Reporting Requirements: Most states require you to report all sources of income, including investment income, when applying for unemployment benefits. States use this information to determine your eligibility and benefit amount.
• Impact on Eligibility: Some states may reduce your unemployment benefits by the amount of investment income you receive, while others may not consider investment income at all, especially if it’s passive and doesn’t involve active work.
• Definition of Income: The definition of income can vary. Some states may only consider regular or substantial investment income, while others may include even small amounts.
• Self-Employment vs. Investment: States often distinguish between passive investment income and income from self-employment. If you actively manage investments to the point where it’s considered self-employment, your eligibility for unemployment benefits may be affected.
• Examples of State-Specific Rules:
  • Texas: The TWC requires you to report all income. However, whether that income affects your benefits depends on the type of income and specific circumstances.
  • California: California also requires you to report all income. The Employment Development Department (EDD) will then determine how it affects your benefits.
  • New York: New York requires you to report any income over a certain threshold. The Department of Labor will then assess its impact on your eligibility.

To illustrate, consider this scenario:

• Scenario: John, a resident of Texas, lost his job and applied for unemployment benefits. He receives dividends from his stock investments and rental income from a property he owns.
• Texas Law: John must report both the dividend and rental income to the TWC. The TWC will evaluate whether the rental income is passive (managed by a property manager) or active (John actively manages the property). If it’s passive, it might not affect his benefits. However, the dividend income could potentially reduce his benefits depending on the amount.

Key Considerations:

• Transparency: Always report all income sources to avoid penalties.
• Consultation: Consult with your state’s unemployment agency or a legal professional to understand how investment income may affect your eligibility.
• Documentation: Keep detailed records of all investment income to provide accurate information when applying for benefits.

Table 2: State Laws on Investment Income and Unemployment Benefits

State	Reporting Requirement	Impact on Eligibility	Definition of Income
Texas	All income	Depends on the type and circumstances; passive income may not affect benefits.	Varies; TWC determines impact.
California	All income	EDD determines how it affects benefits.	Varies; EDD assesses the impact.
New York	Income over threshold	Department of Labor assesses the impact; any income over a certain threshold must report.	Varies; New York Department of Labor (NYDOL) assesses the impact.

Income-partners.net can help you find resources and partners to navigate these complex state-specific rules, ensuring you make informed decisions.

3. What Is Considered Passive Income Versus Active Income?

The distinction between passive and active income is crucial, as it significantly impacts how unemployment benefits are calculated. Passive income generally has less impact on unemployment benefits than active income.

Passive Income

Passive income is typically defined as earnings derived from an activity in which you don’t actively participate. This means you don’t have to spend significant time or effort to generate the income.

Examples of Passive Income:

• Rental Income (with Property Manager): If you own a rental property but hire a property manager to handle day-to-day operations (tenant screening, maintenance, rent collection), the income is generally considered passive.
• Dividends and Interest: Earnings from stocks, bonds, and savings accounts are usually passive since they don’t require active management.
• Royalties: Income from intellectual property, like books or music, where you’re not actively promoting or managing the product, is passive.
• Earnings from a Business You Don’t Manage: If you own a business but have a management team in place handling the operations, your earnings are considered passive.

Active Income

Active income is earned through direct effort and involvement. It requires significant time and effort to generate the income.

Examples of Active Income:

• Wages and Salaries: Income from a job where you work a set number of hours and are paid for your time and effort.
• Self-Employment Income: Earnings from a business where you are actively involved in the day-to-day operations, making decisions, and providing services.
• Rental Income (Actively Managed): If you personally manage your rental properties, handle repairs, screen tenants, and collect rent, this is considered active income.
• Freelance Income: Earnings from freelance work where you provide services directly to clients.

Impact on Unemployment Benefits

• Passive Income: Generally, passive income has less impact on unemployment benefits. Many states do not reduce or disqualify benefits based on passive income, especially if it is not substantial.
• Active Income: Active income is more likely to affect unemployment benefits. States often reduce your benefits by the amount of active income you earn or may disqualify you altogether if the income is substantial enough.

University of Texas at Austin’s McCombs School of Business Studies: According to research from the University of Texas at Austin’s McCombs School of Business, understanding the distinction between active and passive income is crucial for financial planning. In July 2025, the school noted that passive income generally provides more financial flexibility without the need for direct daily involvement.

Table 3: Passive vs. Active Income

Feature	Passive Income	Active Income
Definition	Earnings without active participation	Earnings from direct effort and involvement
Examples	Rental income (with property manager), dividends, royalties	Wages, self-employment income, rental income (actively managed), freelance
Impact on Benefits	Less likely to affect unemployment benefits	More likely to reduce or disqualify unemployment benefits

Scenario Example:

• Passive Income: Sarah receives $500 per month in dividend income and has a property manager overseeing her rental property. Her dividend income might slightly reduce her unemployment benefits in some states, but her rental income is unlikely to affect them significantly.
• Active Income: Mark is self-employed as a consultant and earns $1,000 per month. This income is likely to significantly reduce or disqualify his unemployment benefits.

Navigating the complexities of passive versus active income can be challenging. Income-partners.net can help you identify potential partnership opportunities that generate passive income, supplementing your income without affecting your unemployment benefits.

4. How to Report Investment Income to Unemployment Agencies?

Accurately reporting investment income is essential to avoid penalties and ensure you receive the correct unemployment benefits. Understand the reporting requirements in your state to maintain compliance.

1. Understand Your State’s Reporting Requirements

Each state has specific rules about what income to report and how to report it. Check your state’s unemployment agency website for detailed guidelines.

• Texas Workforce Commission (TWC): Requires you to report all income when you apply for benefits or by calling a Tele-Center.
• California Employment Development Department (EDD): Requires you to report all income and will determine how it affects your benefits.
• New York Department of Labor: Requires you to report any income over a certain threshold.

2. When to Report Income

Report income during the week you earn it, not when you receive the payment. This is crucial for accurate calculations.

• Example: If you sell stock and realize capital gains in a particular week, report it for that week, even if the funds aren’t deposited into your account until the following week.

3. What Types of Investment Income to Report

Report all forms of investment income, including:

• Dividends
• Interest income
• Rental income (both passive and active)
• Capital gains
• Business income (if you’re actively involved)
• Annuity payments
• Royalties

4. How to Report Income

Most states offer several ways to report income:

• Online: Through the state’s unemployment agency website.
• Phone: By calling the Tele-Center (as with the TWC in Texas).
• Mail: By submitting a paper form.

5. Documentation

Keep detailed records of all investment income, including:

• Brokerage statements
• Rental income statements
• Business income records
• Tax forms (e.g., 1099-DIV, 1099-INT, Schedule E)

6. Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Underreporting: Failing to report all income.
• Reporting in the Wrong Week: Reporting income in the wrong week can lead to errors in benefit calculations.
• Ignoring Small Amounts: Even small amounts of investment income should be reported.
• Not Keeping Records: Neglecting to keep detailed records can make it difficult to provide accurate information.

Example Scenario:

• Scenario: Emily, a resident of California, receives $300 in dividend income during a week when she is claiming unemployment benefits.
• Reporting Process:
  1. Emily logs into the EDD website.
  2. She reports the $300 in dividend income for the week it was earned.
  3. She keeps a copy of her brokerage statement as documentation.

Table 4: Reporting Investment Income to Unemployment Agencies

Step	Description	Example
Understand Requirements	Check your state’s unemployment agency website for specific guidelines.	Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) requires reporting all income.
Report When Earned	Report income during the week you earn it, not when you receive the payment.	Report capital gains the week you sell the stock, not when funds are deposited.
Report All Income	Include dividends, interest, rental income, capital gains, business income, annuity payments, and royalties.	Report $150 in interest income from your savings account.
How to Report	Use online portals, phone, or mail, depending on your state’s options.	Log into the California EDD website and report income online.
Keep Documentation	Maintain detailed records, including brokerage statements, rental income statements, business income records, and tax forms.	Keep a copy of your 1099-DIV form.
Avoid Common Mistakes	Avoid underreporting, reporting in the wrong week, ignoring small amounts, and not keeping records.	Ensure you report all income, even if it seems insignificant.

Accurate reporting can save you from potential penalties and ensure you receive the benefits you are entitled to. For further assistance, explore partnership opportunities with income-partners.net to help manage and report your investment income accurately.

5. How Can Investment Income Reduce Unemployment Benefits?

The extent to which investment income can reduce unemployment benefits depends on the specific laws and regulations of each state. It’s important to understand how your state treats different types of income to accurately assess your eligibility.

General Principles

1. Reporting Requirement:
   • Most states require you to report all income, including investment income, when you apply for unemployment benefits. The unemployment agency will then determine how this income affects your eligibility.
2. Income Thresholds:
   • Some states have specific income thresholds. If your investment income is below a certain amount, it may not affect your benefits. If it exceeds the threshold, your benefits could be reduced.
3. Reduction Formula:
   • States use different formulas to calculate how much your benefits will be reduced. Some states reduce your benefits dollar-for-dollar, while others use a percentage.
4. Types of Investment Income:
   • The type of investment income matters. Passive income (e.g., dividends, interest) is often treated differently than active income (e.g., self-employment, rental income where you actively manage the property).

Examples of How Investment Income Can Reduce Benefits

1. Dollar-for-Dollar Reduction:
   • In some states, every dollar of investment income reduces your unemployment benefits by one dollar.
   • Example: You receive $200 per week in unemployment benefits. If you earn $50 in dividend income, your unemployment benefits are reduced to $150.
2. Percentage Reduction:
   • Other states reduce your benefits by a percentage of your investment income.
   • Example: Your state reduces benefits by 50% of your investment income. If you earn $100 in interest income, your unemployment benefits are reduced by $50.
3. Income Thresholds:
   • Some states disregard investment income up to a certain threshold.
   • Example: If your state disregards the first $50 of investment income, and you earn $75 in dividends, only $25 will be used to reduce your benefits.

State-Specific Examples

1. Texas:
   • The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) requires you to report all income. They will then determine whether and how that income affects your benefits. Passive investment income may have less impact than active income.
2. California:
   • California requires you to report all income. The Employment Development Department (EDD) will then determine how it affects your benefits. They consider the nature and amount of income.
3. New York:
   • New York requires you to report any income over a certain threshold. The Department of Labor will then assess its impact on your eligibility.

Table 5: Examples of How Investment Income Reduces Unemployment Benefits

Scenario	Investment Income	Initial Unemployment Benefit	Reduction Formula	Reduced Unemployment Benefit
Dollar-for-dollar reduction (State A)	$50 (dividends)	$200	$1 for $1 reduction	$150
Percentage reduction (State B)	$100 (interest)	$250	50% reduction	$200
Income threshold (State C, threshold = $50)	$75 (dividends)	$300	Income over threshold reduces benefits	$275

Important Considerations

• Transparency: Always report all income sources to avoid penalties.
• Consultation: Consult with your state’s unemployment agency or a legal professional to understand the specific rules.
• Documentation: Keep detailed records of all investment income.

Investment income can significantly impact your unemployment benefits, depending on your state’s regulations. Income-partners.net can help you navigate these complexities by connecting you with financial experts and partnership opportunities to optimize your income strategy.

6. Can You Be Denied Unemployment Benefits Because of Investment Income?

Yes, it is possible to be denied unemployment benefits because of investment income, although it depends on state laws and the specifics of your investment income. Understand under what circumstances your investment income could lead to a denial of benefits.

Factors That Could Lead to Denial

1. High Income Levels:
   • If your investment income is high enough, it can disqualify you from receiving unemployment benefits. States have income limits to determine eligibility.
   • Example: If your weekly investment income exceeds the maximum allowable amount for unemployment benefits in your state, your claim could be denied.
2. Active Management:
   • If you are actively managing your investments to the point where it’s considered self-employment, you might be ineligible for unemployment benefits.
   • Example: Actively trading stocks or managing rental properties full-time could be viewed as self-employment, leading to denial.
3. Failure to Report:
   • Failing to report investment income can lead to denial of benefits and potential penalties. Honesty and transparency are essential.
   • Example: If you don’t report dividend income, and the unemployment agency discovers it, your benefits could be denied, and you might face fines.

State-Specific Examples

1. Texas:
   • The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) requires you to report all income. If your investment income is substantial enough to provide self-sufficiency, it could lead to denial.
2. California:
   • California’s Employment Development Department (EDD) assesses all income. Significant investment income could result in a denial of benefits, especially if you are actively managing your investments.
3. New York:
   • New York’s Department of Labor requires you to report income over a certain threshold. Exceeding this threshold with investment income could lead to denial.

Table 6: Scenarios Leading to Denial of Unemployment Benefits

Scenario	Type of Investment Income	Action/Circumstance	Potential Outcome
High Income Levels	Dividends, Interest	Exceeds state’s maximum allowable income for benefits	Denial of unemployment benefits
Active Management (Self-Employment)	Stock Trading, Rentals	Actively trading stocks or managing rental properties	Treated as self-employment, leading to denial
Failure to Report	Any	Not reporting investment income to the agency	Denial of benefits, potential penalties, and repayment of benefits

Strategies to Avoid Denial

1. Transparency:
   • Always report all income sources to the unemployment agency.
2. Documentation:
   • Keep detailed records of all investment income.
3. Consultation:
   • Consult with your state’s unemployment agency or a legal professional to understand how your investment income may affect your eligibility.
4. Passive vs. Active Income:
   • Understand the distinction between passive and active income. If possible, structure your investments to generate passive income, which is less likely to affect your eligibility.

Case Study Example

• Scenario: Michael, a resident of Texas, lost his job and applied for unemployment benefits. He failed to report $2,000 in monthly dividend income.
• Outcome: The TWC discovered the unreported income. Michael’s benefits were denied, and he faced penalties for failing to report the income.

Investment income can lead to denial of unemployment benefits if it’s substantial, actively managed, or not reported. Income-partners.net can assist you by providing access to financial advisors and partnership opportunities to optimize your financial situation and ensure compliance with state regulations.

7. Can You Appeal a Denial of Unemployment Benefits Related to Investment Income?

Yes, you can appeal a denial of unemployment benefits related to investment income. The appeal process provides an opportunity to present your case and potentially overturn the denial.

Grounds for Appeal

1. Incorrect Income Calculation:
   • If you believe the unemployment agency incorrectly calculated your investment income, you can appeal. Provide documentation to support your claim.
   • Example: The agency overstated your dividend income due to a clerical error.
2. Misclassification of Income:
   • If your income was misclassified as active instead of passive, you can appeal. Clarify the nature of your investment activities.
   • Example: Your rental income was considered active even though you hired a property manager and had minimal involvement.
3. Exempt Income:
   • If some of your investment income should have been exempt under state law, you can appeal.
   • Example: A portion of your investment income is from tax-exempt bonds.
4. Procedural Errors:
   • If the unemployment agency made procedural errors during the review process, you can appeal.
   • Example: The agency failed to notify you of their decision in a timely manner.

Steps to Take When Appealing

1. Review the Denial Notice:
   • Carefully review the denial notice to understand the reasons for the denial and the appeal deadline.
2. Gather Documentation:
   • Collect all relevant documents, including:
     • Brokerage statements
     • Rental income statements
     • Tax forms
     • Any other records that support your case
3. File the Appeal:
   • Follow the instructions provided by the unemployment agency to file your appeal. Submit the appeal within the specified deadline.
4. Prepare Your Case:
   • Write a clear and concise statement explaining why you believe the denial was incorrect.
   • Organize your documentation to support your case.
5. Attend the Hearing:
   • Attend the appeal hearing and present your case. Be prepared to answer questions from the hearing officer.

State-Specific Examples

1. Texas:
   • The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) allows you to appeal a denial of benefits. You must file the appeal within 14 days of the date the decision was mailed.
2. California:
   • California’s Employment Development Department (EDD) provides an appeal process. You must file your appeal within 30 days of the date of the denial notice.
3. New York:
   • New York’s Department of Labor allows you to appeal a denial of benefits. You must file the appeal within 30 days of the date the determination.

Table 7: Steps to Appeal a Denial of Unemployment Benefits

Step	Description	Example
Review Denial Notice	Understand the reasons for denial and the appeal deadline.	Note that the appeal deadline is 14 days in Texas.
Gather Documentation	Collect brokerage statements, rental income statements, tax forms, and any other relevant records.	Collect 1099-DIV forms, Schedule E, and rental agreements.
File the Appeal	Follow the agency’s instructions and submit the appeal within the deadline.	Submit the appeal form via the EDD website within 30 days of the denial notice.
Prepare Your Case	Write a clear statement and organize your documentation.	Explain why your rental income should be considered passive due to the property manager.
Attend the Hearing	Present your case, answer questions, and provide supporting evidence.	Attend the TWC hearing and present brokerage statements and rental management agreements.

Tips for a Successful Appeal

• Be Timely: File your appeal before the deadline.
• Be Organized: Present your case in a clear and organized manner.
• Be Truthful: Provide accurate and honest information.
• Seek Assistance: Consider seeking help from a legal professional or advocate.

Appealing a denial of unemployment benefits related to investment income is possible and can be successful if you present a well-documented and compelling case. Income-partners.net can connect you with legal resources and financial advisors to help you navigate the appeal process effectively.

8. What Are Some Strategies to Minimize the Impact of Investment Income on Unemployment Benefits?

Several strategies can help minimize the impact of investment income on unemployment benefits. Strategic financial planning can help you optimize your eligibility.

1. Structure Investments for Passive Income:

• Focus: Prioritize investments that generate passive income, as this is often treated more favorably than active income when determining unemployment eligibility.
• Examples:
  • Invest in dividend-paying stocks rather than actively trading stocks.
  • Use a property manager for rental properties to minimize active involvement.

2. Maximize Tax-Advantaged Accounts:

• Focus: Utilize tax-advantaged accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs to reduce taxable investment income.
• Strategy:
  • Contribute to these accounts to lower your current taxable income, potentially reducing the impact on unemployment benefits.

3. Diversify Income Sources:

• Focus: Diversify your income sources to reduce reliance on investment income.
• Examples:
  • Explore part-time work or freelance opportunities that don’t conflict with unemployment requirements.
  • Consider other passive income streams like royalties from intellectual property.

4. Timing of Investment Income:

• Focus: Be mindful of when you realize investment income.
• Strategy:
  • If possible, defer capital gains to a later period when you are not claiming unemployment benefits.

5. Document Everything:

• Focus: Maintain detailed records of all investment activities and income.
• Strategy:
  • Keep brokerage statements, rental income records, and any other relevant documents to accurately report income to the unemployment agency.

6. Consult with a Financial Advisor:

• Focus: Seek professional advice to create a financial plan that minimizes the impact of investment income on unemployment benefits.
• Benefits:
  • A financial advisor can provide tailored strategies based on your specific situation and state laws.

Table 8: Strategies to Minimize the Impact of Investment Income

Strategy	Description	Example
Structure Passive Income	Focus on investments that generate passive income rather than active income.	Use a property manager for rental properties to minimize active involvement.
Maximize Tax-Advantaged Accounts	Utilize tax-advantaged accounts to reduce taxable investment income.	Contribute to 401(k)s and IRAs to lower current taxable income.
Diversify Income Sources	Reduce reliance on investment income by exploring other income streams.	Explore part-time work or freelance opportunities.
Timing Investment Income	Be mindful of when you realize investment income, deferring it if possible.	Defer capital gains to a later period when you are not claiming unemployment benefits.
Document Everything	Maintain detailed records of all investment activities and income for accurate reporting.	Keep brokerage statements and rental income records.
Consult Financial Advisor	Seek professional advice to create a tailored financial plan that minimizes the impact of investment income on unemployment benefits.	Get advice on structuring your investments to optimize eligibility for unemployment benefits.

Harvard Business Review Insights: According to Harvard Business Review, strategic financial planning is essential for navigating complex economic situations. In May 2026, the HBR emphasized that diversifying income streams and seeking expert financial advice can provide stability and flexibility during unemployment periods.

Example Scenario:

• Strategy: John, a resident of California, hires a property manager to oversee his rental property, converting his rental income into passive income. He also defers realizing capital gains to a year when he is not claiming unemployment benefits.
• Outcome: John minimizes the impact of his investment income on his unemployment benefits, allowing him to receive the full benefits he is entitled to.

By implementing these strategies, you can minimize the impact of investment income on your unemployment benefits and optimize your financial stability during periods of unemployment. income-partners.net can connect you with financial advisors and partnership opportunities to help you achieve these goals.

9. How Does Self-Employment Income Affect Unemployment Benefits Compared to Investment Income?

Self-employment income and investment income are treated differently when determining eligibility for unemployment benefits. Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate financial planning.

Self-Employment Income

Self-employment income is generally defined as earnings from a business or trade where you are actively involved in the operations. This includes income from freelancing, consulting, or running your own business.

Key Characteristics:

• Active Involvement: Requires active participation in day-to-day operations.
• Impact on Eligibility: More likely to reduce or disqualify unemployment benefits.
• Reporting Requirements: Must be reported to the unemployment agency.

Investment Income

Investment income typically refers to earnings from assets such as stocks, bonds, rental properties (with a property manager), and other investments where you are not actively involved in the day-to-day management.

Key Characteristics:

• Passive Involvement: Requires